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A direct quote structure is any structure which shows that you are reporting what someone said or wrote (or sometimes thought) as if you were using their own words:

A question mark is used at the end of an interrogative sentence:

An ellipsis a series of three periods, with spaces between, before, and after, that is used to show an omission of a word, words, or sentences from within a quoted passage:

An excplamation point is used in excplamatory sentences to show strong feelings, surprise, or emotion:

An indirect report structure is used to show that you are reporting what someone said or wrote in your own words rather than in the words they actually used:

Apostrophes have two primary functions: to form contractions and to show possession:

Colons are used to join words when we want the words to be either a compound noun or a compound adjective:

Punctuation shows how words and strings of words are related, separated and emphasized, its main purpose should be to help the reader understand the construction of the sentence:

The basic purpose of parentheses is to present explanatory material in a way that does not disturb the flow of the sentence:

The period is used with two types of sentences: declarative and imperative:

To use merely commas as dividers would produce chaos because commas already exist within some of the listed items:

When an abbreviation falls at the end of an excplamatory sentence, both the period and excplamation point are used:

While the semicolon and colon noticeably indicate that the reader should pause, the dash does so more forcefully and draws great attention to what follows in the sentence:



A comma should be used to separate short noun phrases that directly follow a noun, are the grammatical equivalent of a noun they follow, and are not essential to the meaning of the sentence:

A comma should be used to separate two or more adjectives modifying the same noun, unless all the adjectives are joined by conjunctions:

A comma should be used to set off dates with years; place a comma before and after the year if the month and day precede the year:

A comma should be used to set off names and titles of persons that are parenthetical to the description of that person within the sentence:

A question mark should be used to set off a direct quotation from the the rest the sentence: